| 535 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 634 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 604 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 607 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 642 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 792 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 348 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 349 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 832 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 851 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 662 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 166 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 88 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 57 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 61 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1416 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 1622 | Morohashi |
| 80 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 419 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1404 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1506 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 493 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 4
JLPT level N3
667 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 冷 【レイ】 refrigerator, cold, cool, cold sake
- 冷夏 【レイカ】 cool summer, cold summer, cooler-than-normal summer
- 寒冷 【カンレイ】 cold, coldness, chilliness
- 空冷 【クウレイ】 air cooling
Kun reading compounds
- 冷たい 【つめたい】 cold (to the touch), chilly, icy, freezing, (emotionally) cold, coldhearted, unfeeling, indifferent, unfriendly, distant
- 冷たい暗黒物質 【つめたいあんこくぶっしつ】 cold dark matter
- 冷える 【ひえる】 to grow cold (from room temperature, e.g. in refrigerator), to get chilly, to cool down
- 冷や 【ひや】 cold water, cold sake, cold, cool, chilled, unheated
- 冷やす 【ひやす】 to cool (from room temperature), to chill, to refrigerate, to calm down, to cool off, to regain one's composure, to relax, to be frightened (at), to be scared (of)
- お冷 【おひや】 cold (drinking) water, (glass of) cold water, cold boiled rice
- 冷ややか 【ひややか】 cold, chilly, cool, cold (attitude, stare, etc.), frigid, indifferent, distant, surly, curt, composed, cool, calm
- 冷やす 【ひやす】 to cool (from room temperature), to chill, to refrigerate, to calm down, to cool off, to regain one's composure, to relax, to be frightened (at), to be scared (of)
- 冷やかす 【ひやかす】 to banter, to make fun of, to jeer at, to cool, to refrigerate, to window-shop, to look at without buying
- 冷める 【さめる】 to cool down, to get cold, to cool off (excitement, temper, etc.), to subside, to dampen, to fade, to wane, to be cold (eyes, expression, etc.), to be composed
- 冷ます 【さます】 to cool (e.g. from a high temperature to room temperature), to let cool, to dampen, to throw a damper on, to spoil
Readings
- Korean:
- raeng
Spanish
- frío
- enfriar
- enfriarse
- helarse
- helar
Portuguese
- fresco
- frio (cerveja
- pessoa)
- calafrio
French
- froid
- fraîche (bière)
- froide (personne)
- refroidir
| 344 | 2001 Kanji |
| 2b5.3 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-2-5 | SKIP code |
| 3812.7 | Four corner code |
| 1-46-68 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 51b7 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N2
1284 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 凍結 【トウケツ】 freezing (e.g. water), freezing (prices, wages, assets, etc.), moratorium, suspension (e.g. investment)
- 凍死 【トウシ】 death from cold, freezing to death
- 解凍 【カイトウ】 thawing, defrosting, decompression (of data), extraction, unpacking, unzipping
- 自動解凍 【ジドウカイトウ】 self-extracting (file)
Kun reading compounds
- 凍る 【こおる】 to freeze, to become frozen, to freeze over
- 凍える 【こごえる】 to freeze (of one's body), to be frozen, to become numb (with cold), to be chilled
- 凍てる 【いてる】 to freeze, to freeze over
- 凍みる 【しみる】 to freeze, to be frozen over, to congeal
Readings
- Japanese names:
- こおり
- Korean:
- dong
Spanish
- helado
- congelado
- helar
- congelarse
- helarse
- entumecerse
Portuguese
- congelado
- congelar
- refrigerar
French
- gelé
- congeler
- réfrigérer
| 1644 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1274 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 649 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1435 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 349 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1205 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1268 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1094 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 168 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 146 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 97 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 111 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 518 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 1670 | Morohashi |
| 129 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 427 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 506 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 545 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1309 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 364 | 2001 Kanji |
| 2b8.2 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-2-8 | SKIP code |
| 3519.6 | Four corner code |
| 1-37-64 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 51cd | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 5
JLPT level N2
434 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 技 【ワザ】 technique, art, skill, move
- 技巧 【ギコウ】 technique, finesse
- 国技 【コクギ】 national sport
- 陸上競技 【リクジョウキョウギ】 track and field, athletics
Kun reading compounds
- 技 【わざ】 technique, art, skill, move
- 技あり 【わざあり】 waza-ari (in judo, a half-point awarded for good but incomplete execution)
- 寝技 【ねわざ】 pinning technique (in wrestling or judo), underhanded dealings
- 投げ技 【なげわざ】 throw or throwing technique (sumo, judo)
Readings
- Korean:
- gi
Spanish
- habilidad
- arte
- técnica
Portuguese
- habilidade
- arte
- ofício
- capacidade
- façanha
- performance
- vocação
- artes
French
- habileté
- art
- technique
- jeu (d'acteur)
- prouesse
- métier
- vocation
- arts
| 579 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 673 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 644 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 387 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 1853 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 463 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 558 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 381 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 871 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 891 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 369 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 857 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 292 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 185 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 221 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 719 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 11855 | Morohashi |
| 248 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2092 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 712 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 769 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 665 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 1367 | 2001 Kanji |
| 3c4.16 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-3-4 | SKIP code |
| 5404.7 | Four corner code |
| 1-21-27 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 6280 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 5
JLPT level N3
350 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 術 【ジュツ】 art, technique, skill, means, way, stratagem, artifice, trick, trap, magic, sorcery
- 術後 【ジュツゴ】 postoperative, after surgery
- 奇術 【キジュツ】 magic, conjuring, sleight of hand, legerdemain
- 占星術 【センセイジュツ】 astrology
Kun reading compounds
- 術 【すべ】 way, method, means
- 術無し 【すべなし】 having no choice, at a loss for what to do, at one's wits' end
- なす術 【なすすべ】 means, method, way
- 為ん術 【せんすべ】 (proper) methods
Readings
- Korean:
- sul
Spanish
- arte
- técnica
- manera de hacer las cosas
Portuguese
- arte
- técnica
- habilidade
- meios
- truque
- recursos
- mágica
French
- technique
- art
- moyens
- tour
- ressources
- magie
| 636 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 732 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 708 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 299 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 1621 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 447 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 877 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1298 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 187 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 187 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 370 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1614 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 575 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 350 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 433 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1539 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 34046P | Morohashi |
| 476 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1754 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1525 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1644 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 322 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 736 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 2053 | 2001 Kanji |
| 3i8.2 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-3-8 | SKIP code |
| 2122.1 | Four corner code |
| 2190.4 | Four corner code |
| 1-29-49 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 8853 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 1
JLPT level N5
6 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 年 【ネン】 year, counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school), period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
- 年会 【ネンカイ】 conference, annual convention
- 往年 【オウネン】 years gone by, earlier years, former years, the past
- 平年 【ヘイネン】 non-leap year, average year (for rainfall, temperature, etc.), normal year
Kun reading compounds
- 年 【とし】 year, age, years, past one's prime, old age
- 年明け 【としあけ】 beginning of the year, early in the New Year
- いい年 【いいとし】 mature age, advanced age, maturity, age when one is old enough to know better
- 御年 【おんとし】 age (esp. advanced)
Readings
- Japanese names:
- ね
- Korean:
- nyeon
Spanish
- año
- edad
Portuguese
- Ano
French
- année
- compteur d'années
| 126 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 20 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 64 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 3 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 188 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 64 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 51 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 342 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 2.3 | Japanese for Busy People |
| 45 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 45 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 24 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 574 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 2528 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1284 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1752 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1045 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 9168 | Morohashi |
| 2035 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1593 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1036 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1114 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 13 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 51 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 2355 | 2001 Kanji |
| 0a6.16 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 2-2-4 | SKIP code |
| 4-6-3 | SKIP code |
| 8050.0 | Four corner code |
| 1-39-15 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 5e74 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 3
JLPT level N3
77 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 表 【ヒョウ】 table, chart, list, memorial to an emperor
- 表記 【ヒョウキ】 expression in writing, written representation, notation, transcription, orthography, writing on the surface (e.g. an address on an envelope), inscribing on the face
- 一覧表 【イチランヒョウ】 list, table, schedule, catalogue, catalog
- 意表 【イヒョウ】 surprise, something unexpected
Kun reading compounds
- 表 【おもて】 surface, face (i.e. the visible side of an object), front (of a building, etc.), obverse side (i.e. "head") of a coin, outside, exterior, appearance, public, first half (of an inning), top (of an inning), cover (for tatami mats, etc.), foreground, Omotesenke school of tea ceremony
- 表裏 【ひょうり】 front and back, inside and outside, two sides, both sides, duplicity, double-dealing, being two-faced
- 京表 【きょうおもて】 vicinity of Kyoto
- 中表 【なかおもて】 cloth folded inside out
- 表す 【あらわす】 to represent, to signify, to stand for, to reveal, to show, to display, to express, to make widely known
- 現れる 【あらわれる】 to appear, to come in sight, to become visible, to come out, to embody, to materialize, to materialise, to be expressed (e.g. emotions), to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
- 表す 【あらわす】 to represent, to signify, to stand for, to reveal, to show, to display, to express, to make widely known
Readings
- Korean:
- pyo
Spanish
- superficie
- tabla
- diagrama
- expresar
- mostrar
Portuguese
- superfície
- tabela
- gráfico
- diagrama
French
- surface (apparente)
- face
- tableau
- graphique
- diagramme
| 309 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 402 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 379 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 124 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 108 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 308 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 879 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 914 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 2.16 | Japanese for Busy People |
| 272 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 272 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 437 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1620 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 3083 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1572 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2151 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1560 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 34105 | Morohashi |
| 2429 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 5422 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1546 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1666 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 178 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 311 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 1465 | 2001 Kanji |
| 0a8.6 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 2-4-4 | SKIP code |
| 5073.2 | Four corner code |
| 1-41-29 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 8868 | Unicode hex code |