| 312 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 406 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 383 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 473 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 4488 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 503 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 918 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 981 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 510 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 519 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 717 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1722 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 2594 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1327 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1799 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 63 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 36660X | Morohashi |
| 2091 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 5769 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 63 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 67 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 346 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 3
JLPT level N3
443 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 負 【フ】 negative, minus
- 負荷 【フカ】 burden, load (electrical, CPU, etc.)
- 正負 【セイフ】 positive and negative, +-, plus and minus
- 非負 【ヒフ】 non-negative
Kun reading compounds
- 負ける 【まける】 to lose, to be defeated, to succumb, to give in, to surrender, to yield, to be inferior to, to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.), to reduce the price, to give a discount, to throw in (something extra) for free
- 負けるが勝ち 【まけるがかち】 he that fights and runs away may live to fight another day, sometimes you have to lose to win, losing is winning
- 負かす 【まかす】 to defeat
- 負う 【おう】 to carry on one's back, to bear, to shoulder, to take (responsibility), to assume, to accept, to bear (the blame, costs, etc.), to have (a duty, obligation, etc.), to become responsible for, to be burdened with (work, debt, etc.), to suffer (an injury), to sustain (a wound), to receive, to incur (a loss, damage, etc.), to owe (a debt of gratitude to), to be indebted to, to have (something) behind one, to be backed by
- 負うた子に教えられて浅瀬を渡る 【おうたこにおしえられてあさせをわたる】 some things can be learned from the young, a fool may give a wise man counsel, to be led across the shallows by the child on one's shoulders
Readings
- Korean:
- bu
Spanish
- llevar
- tomar a su cargo
- deber
- ser derrotado
- llevarse la victoria
Portuguese
- derrotar
- negativa
- menos
- carregar
- dever a
- assumir uma responsabilidade
French
- défaite
- perdre
- moins
- négatif
- assumer
- porter sur le dos
- devoir à quelqu'un
- faire un rabais
| 2561 | 2001 Kanji |
| 2n7.1 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 2-2-7 | SKIP code |
| 2-7-2 | SKIP code |
| 2780.6 | Four corner code |
| 1-41-73 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 8ca0 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 6
JLPT level N3
227 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 論 【ロン】 argument, discussion, dispute, controversy, discourse, debate, theory (e.g. of evolution), doctrine, essay, treatise, comment
- 論客 【ロンキャク】 controversialist, polemic, disputant
- 公論 【コウロン】 public opinion, unbiased criticism, unbiassed criticism
- 対論 【タイロン】 arguing face to face
Kun reading compounds
- 論う 【あげつらう】 to discuss, to find fault with, to criticize, to criticise
Readings
- Korean:
- ron, yun
Spanish
- teoría
- argumento
- discurso
Portuguese
- argumento
- discurso
French
- argumentation
- discours
| 881 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 1006 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 996 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 267 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 4391 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 406 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 908 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 2320 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 293 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 293 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 496 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1700 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 1981 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1058 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1424 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1837 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 35658 | Morohashi |
| 1574 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 5646 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1820 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1961 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 110 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 989 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 3053 | 2001 Kanji |
| 7a8.13 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-7-8 | SKIP code |
| 0862.7 | Four corner code |
| 1-47-32 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 8ad6 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 2
JLPT level N4
86 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 理 【リ】 reason, principle, logic, general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon), the underlying principles of the cosmos (in neo-Confucianism)
- 理科 【リカ】 science (inc. mathematics, medicine, etc.), natural science, science department (university), science course, science (as a school subject)
- 合理 【ゴウリ】 rationality
- 経理 【ケイリ】 accounting, administration (of money)
Kun reading compounds
- 理 【ことわり】 reason, logic, sense, natural way of things
Readings
- Japanese names:
- あや、 おさむ、 さと、 さとる、 ただ、 ただし、 とおる、 に、 のり、 ひ、 まこと、 まさ、 まさし、 まろ、 みち、 よし
- Korean:
- ri
Spanish
- lógica
- razón
- preparar
Portuguese
- lógica
- arranjo
- razão
- justiça
- verdade
French
- logique
- principe
- raison
- justice
- vérité
| 333 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 239 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 220 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 95 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 2942 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 104 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 217 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1361 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 3.17 | Japanese for Busy People |
| 143 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 143 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 241 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1321 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 1220 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 659 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 881 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 271 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 21014 | Morohashi |
| 970 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 3644 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 265 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 283 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 59 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 212 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 3172 | 2001 Kanji |
| 4f7.1 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-4-7 | SKIP code |
| 1611.4 | Four corner code |
| 1-45-93 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 7406 | Unicode hex code |