| 604 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 696 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 670 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 653 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 4447 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 796 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1772 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 2877 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1312 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1391 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1115 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1713 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 2079 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1088 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1481 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 707 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 36038P | Morohashi |
| 1648 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 5715 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 700 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 756 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 474 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 825 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 5
JLPT level N1
351 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 護岸 【ゴガン】 river dike
- 護衛 【ゴエイ】 guard, convoy, escort
- 警護 【ケイゴ】 bodyguard, escort
- 愛護 【アイゴ】 protection, tender care
Kun reading compounds
- 守る 【まもる】 to protect, to guard, to defend, to keep (i.e. a promise), to abide (by the rules), to observe, to obey, to follow
Readings
- Japanese names:
- もり
- Korean:
- ho
Spanish
- salvaguardar
- proteger
- defender
Portuguese
- salvaguardar
- proteger
French
- protection
- garde
| 3067 | 2001 Kanji |
| 7a13.3 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-7-13 | SKIP code |
| 0464.7 | Four corner code |
| 1-24-78 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 8b77 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N1
1252 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 摩擦 【マサツ】 friction, rubbing, chafing, discord, friction, strife, conflict
- 摩天楼 【マテンロウ】 skyscraper
- 研磨 【ケンマ】 grinding, polishing, refining (a skill, knowledge, etc.), applying oneself (to study), disciplining oneself
- あん摩 【アンマ】 massage (esp. anma, a traditional form of Japanese massage), masseur, masseuse, massager, blind person
Kun reading compounds
- 摩する 【まする】 to rub, to scrub, to scrape, to draw near, to press
- 摩る 【さする】 to rub, to pat, to stroke, to massage
- 擦る 【する】 to rub, to chafe, to strike (match), to file, to frost (glass), to lose (e.g. a match), to forfeit, to squander one's money (e.g. through gambling, Pachinko, etc.)
Readings
- Korean:
- ma
Spanish
- roce
- fricción
- caricia
Portuguese
- escoriação
- raspar
- polir
- alcance
- arranhão
French
- irriter
- gratter
- caresser
- frictionner
- polir
- moudre
| 1830 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1074 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 5392 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1783 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1380 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 2428 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1530 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1631 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1415 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 852 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 3938 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2030 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2740 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 646 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 12613P | Morohashi |
| 3175 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2264 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 639 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 689 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1768 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 547 | 2001 Kanji |
| 3q12.6 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 3-3-12 | SKIP code |
| 3-11-4 | SKIP code |
| 0025.2 | Four corner code |
| 1-43-64 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 6469 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 6
JLPT level N2
1717 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 灰色 【ハイイロ】 grey, gray, ashen
- 灰色植物門 【カイショクショクブツモン】 Glaucophyta (phylum of freshwater microscopic algae)
- 石灰 【セッカイ】 lime, quicklime, caustic lime
- 生石灰 【セイセッカイ】 quick lime
Kun reading compounds
- 灰 【はい】 ash, ashes
- 灰色 【はいいろ】 grey, gray, ashen
- 死の灰 【しのはい】 lethal radioactive fallout, atomic dust
- 降灰 【こうかい】 fall of (volcanic) ash, falling ash
Readings
- Korean:
- hoe
Spanish
- ceniza
- cremar
Portuguese
- cinzas
- suco adstringente
- cremar
French
- cendre
- lessive
- incinéré
| 834 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 818 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1788 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 820 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1325 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 712 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 302 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1343 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1426 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 874 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1261 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 3699 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1892 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2573 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 170 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 18859 | Morohashi |
| 2979 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 3396 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 168 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 180 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 840 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 3362 | 2001 Kanji |
| 2p4.1 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 3-2-4 | SKIP code |
| 7128.9 | Four corner code |
| 1-19-05 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 7070 | Unicode hex code |