| 535 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 634 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 604 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 607 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 642 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 792 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 348 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 349 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 832 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 851 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 662 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 166 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 88 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 57 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 61 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1416 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 1622 | Morohashi |
| 80 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 419 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1404 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1506 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 493 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 4
JLPT level N3
667 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 冷 【レイ】 refrigerator, cold, cool, cold sake
- 冷夏 【レイカ】 cool summer, cold summer, cooler-than-normal summer
- 寒冷 【カンレイ】 cold, coldness, chilliness
- 空冷 【クウレイ】 air cooling
Kun reading compounds
- 冷たい 【つめたい】 cold (to the touch), chilly, icy, freezing, (emotionally) cold, coldhearted, unfeeling, indifferent, unfriendly, distant
- 冷たい暗黒物質 【つめたいあんこくぶっしつ】 cold dark matter
- 冷える 【ひえる】 to grow cold (from room temperature, e.g. in refrigerator), to get chilly, to cool down
- 冷や 【ひや】 cold water, cold sake, cold, cool, chilled, unheated
- 冷やす 【ひやす】 to cool (from room temperature), to chill, to refrigerate, to calm down, to cool off, to regain one's composure, to relax, to be frightened (at), to be scared (of)
- お冷 【おひや】 cold (drinking) water, (glass of) cold water, cold boiled rice
- 冷ややか 【ひややか】 cold, chilly, cool, cold (attitude, stare, etc.), frigid, indifferent, distant, surly, curt, composed, cool, calm
- 冷やす 【ひやす】 to cool (from room temperature), to chill, to refrigerate, to calm down, to cool off, to regain one's composure, to relax, to be frightened (at), to be scared (of)
- 冷やかす 【ひやかす】 to banter, to make fun of, to jeer at, to cool, to refrigerate, to window-shop, to look at without buying
- 冷める 【さめる】 to cool down, to get cold, to cool off (excitement, temper, etc.), to subside, to dampen, to fade, to wane, to be cold (eyes, expression, etc.), to be composed
- 冷ます 【さます】 to cool (e.g. from a high temperature to room temperature), to let cool, to dampen, to throw a damper on, to spoil
Readings
- Korean:
- raeng
Spanish
- frío
- enfriar
- enfriarse
- helarse
- helar
Portuguese
- fresco
- frio (cerveja
- pessoa)
- calafrio
French
- froid
- fraîche (bière)
- froide (personne)
- refroidir
| 344 | 2001 Kanji |
| 2b5.3 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-2-5 | SKIP code |
| 3812.7 | Four corner code |
| 1-46-68 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 51b7 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N2
1284 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 凍結 【トウケツ】 freezing (e.g. water), freezing (prices, wages, assets, etc.), moratorium, suspension (e.g. investment)
- 凍死 【トウシ】 death from cold, freezing to death
- 解凍 【カイトウ】 thawing, defrosting, decompression (of data), extraction, unpacking, unzipping
- 自動解凍 【ジドウカイトウ】 self-extracting (file)
Kun reading compounds
- 凍る 【こおる】 to freeze, to become frozen, to freeze over
- 凍える 【こごえる】 to freeze (of one's body), to be frozen, to become numb (with cold), to be chilled
- 凍てる 【いてる】 to freeze, to freeze over
- 凍みる 【しみる】 to freeze, to be frozen over, to congeal
Readings
- Japanese names:
- こおり
- Korean:
- dong
Spanish
- helado
- congelado
- helar
- congelarse
- helarse
- entumecerse
Portuguese
- congelado
- congelar
- refrigerar
French
- gelé
- congeler
- réfrigérer
| 1644 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1274 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 649 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1435 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 349 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1205 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1268 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1094 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 168 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 146 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 97 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 111 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 518 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 1670 | Morohashi |
| 129 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 427 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 506 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 545 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1309 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 364 | 2001 Kanji |
| 2b8.2 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-2-8 | SKIP code |
| 3519.6 | Four corner code |
| 1-37-64 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 51cd | Unicode hex code |
villain, evil, bad luck, disaster
- On:
- キョウ
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N1
1673 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 凶 【キョウ】 bad luck, bad fortune, evil, wickedness
- 凶悪 【キョウアク】 atrocious, heinous, fiendish, brutal, vicious
- 元凶 【ゲンキョウ】 ringleader, main culprit, main cause, source
- 大凶 【ダイキョウ】 terrible luck, very bad luck
Readings
- Korean:
- hyung
Spanish
- mal
- maldad
- desastre
- calamidad
Portuguese
- vilão
- mau
- sorte ruim
- desastre
French
- vaurien
- mauvais
- malchance
- désastre
| 1159 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1725 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 663 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1337 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1085 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 173 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1280 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1354 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1812 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 172 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 3679 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1877 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2557 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1503 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 1803 | Morohashi |
| 2961 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 442 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1490 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1603 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1022 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 1275 | 2001 Kanji |
| 0a4.19 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 3-2-2 | SKIP code |
| 2277.0 | Four corner code |
| 1-22-07 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 51f6 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N1
1714 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 獣 【ケモノ】 beast, brute, animal, animal with human characteristics
- 獣医 【ジュウイ】 veterinarian, veterinary surgeon, vet
- 鳥獣 【チョウジュウ】 birds and wild animals, wildlife
- 海獣 【カイジュウ】 marine mammal
Kun reading compounds
- 獣 【けもの】 beast, brute, animal, animal with human characteristics
- 獣の数字 【けもののすうじ】 number of the beast (666)
- 獣 【けもの】 beast, brute, animal, animal with human characteristics
Readings
- Korean:
- su
Spanish
- animal
- bestia
- res
Portuguese
- animal
- besta
French
- bête
- animal
| 1366 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1600 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 2909 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1366 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1531 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1582 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1688 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1864 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1298 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 2384 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1217 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1673 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1952 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 20714P | Morohashi |
| 1892 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 3606 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1933 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 2083 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1838 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 963 | 2001 Kanji |
| 3g12.3 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-12-4 | SKIP code |
| 9363.4 | Four corner code |
| 3363.4 | Four corner code |
| 1-29-35 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 7363 | Unicode hex code |
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N1
1463 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 惨 【サン】 appalling
- 惨事 【サンジ】 disaster, tragedy, tragic incident, horrible accident
- 凄惨 【セイサン】 ghastly, gruesome, appalling, lurid
- 陰惨 【インサン】 sadness and gloom
- 残虐 【ザンギャク】 cruel, brutal, savage, barbarous
- 残酷 【ザンコク】 cruel, brutal, ruthless, merciless, inhuman
- 冷酷無惨 【レイコクムザン】 cruel and heartless, merciless, implacable, cold-blooded
Kun reading compounds
- 惨め 【みじめ】 miserable, wretched, unhappy, sad, pitiable
- 惨い 【むごい】 cruel, merciless, pitiless, brutal, atrocious, inhuman, tragic, horrible, terrible, dreadful, miserable, ugly, horrifying
Readings
- Korean:
- cham, chim
Spanish
- cruel
- horrible
- desastroso
Portuguese
- desprezível
- desastre
- crueldade
- severo
French
- choquant
- misérable
- désastre
- cruauté
- rude
| 1309 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1470 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 1713 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1304 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1304 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1725 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1843 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1457 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 818 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 585 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 354 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 441 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1737 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 10850 | Morohashi |
| 483 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1896 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1721 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1857 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1433 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 1160 | 2001 Kanji |
| 4k8.5 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-3-8 | SKIP code |
| 9302.2 | Four corner code |
| 1-27-20 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 60e8 | Unicode hex code |
kill, murder, butcher, slice off, split, diminish, reduce, spoil
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 5
JLPT level N3
581 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 殺意 【サツイ】 intent to kill, intent to murder, urge to kill, murderous impulse
- 殺害 【サツガイ】 killing, murder
- 他殺 【タサツ】 murder
- 併殺 【ヘイサツ】 double play
- 相殺 【ソウサイ】 offset, offsetting each other, cancelling each other out, counterbalancing, set-off, setoff, killing each other
- 減殺 【ゲンサイ】 lessening, diminishing, reducing
- 殺害 【サツガイ】 killing, murder
- 刹那 【セツナ】 moment, instant, kshana, duration of a single mental event (about 1/75 second), shortest possible interval of time
- 歳殺 【サイセツ】 Saisetsu, one of the eight gods of the traditional calendar
Kun reading compounds
- 殺す 【ころす】 to kill, to slay, to murder, to slaughter, to suppress, to block, to hamper, to destroy (e.g. talent), to eliminate (e.g. an odour), to spoil (e.g. a flavour), to kill (e.g. one's speed), to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.), to hold back, to stifle (a yawn, laugh, etc.), to hold (one's breath), to put out (a runner), to pawn, to put in hock
- 削ぐ 【そぐ】 to chip (off), to shave off, to slice off, to cut off, to sharpen, to dampen (one's enthusiasm, interest, etc.), to reduce, to diminish, to weaken, to spoil
- 殺める 【あやめる】 to wound, to murder
Readings
- Korean:
- sal, soe
Spanish
- matar
- quitar la vida
Portuguese
- matar
- assassinato
- açougueiro
- fatiar
- partir
- diminuir
- reduzir
- corromper
French
- tuer
- meurtre
- massacrer
- abattre
- trancher
- fendre
- diminuer
- réduire
- gâcher
| 614 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 515 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 488 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 546 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 2454 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 419 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 657 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1138 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 576 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 585 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 610 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1140 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 1677 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 889 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1208 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1507 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 16629 | Morohashi |
| 1324 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2994 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1493 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1607 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 470 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 545 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 2968 | 2001 Kanji |
| 4a6.35 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-6-4 | SKIP code |
| 4794.7 | Four corner code |
| 1-27-06 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 6bba | Unicode hex code |