| 260 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 166 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 149 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 381 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 4293 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 211 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 248 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 2544 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 3.6 | Japanese for Busy People |
| 175 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 175 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 249 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1647 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 2264 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1172 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1599 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1518 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 34918 | Morohashi |
| 1799 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 5534 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1504 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1621 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 315 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 237 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 2
JLPT level N4
406 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 親 【シン】 intimacy, closeness, friendliness, close relative, pro- (e.g. pro-American)
- 親衛 【シンエイ】 monarch's guards
- 懇親 【コンシン】 friendship, intimacy
- 近親 【キンシン】 near relative
Kun reading compounds
- 親 【おや】 parent, parents, mother and father, dealer, banker, founder, inventor, (pet) owner, key, parent (organization), main, ancestor, forefather
- 親方 【おやかた】 master, boss, chief, foreman, supervisor, stable master, craftsman, artisan, foster parent
- 生みの親 【うみのおや】 biological parent, founder, creator
- 里親 【さとおや】 foster parent, foster parents, (pet) caretaker
- 親しい 【したしい】 close (e.g. friend), familiar, friendly, intimate, familiar (e.g. story), well-known (to one), close (relatives), closely related
- 親しむ 【したしむ】 to be intimate with, to befriend
Readings
- Japanese names:
- ぎ、 ちか、 のり
- Korean:
- chin
Spanish
- padre
- madre
- familiares
- íntimo
- personalmente
- padres
- hacerse amigo
- intimar
Portuguese
- pai
- intimidade
- parente
- familiaridade
- crupiê
French
- parent
- parenté
- intimité
- familiarité
- donneur (cartes)
| 457 | 2001 Kanji |
| 5b11.1 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-9-7 | SKIP code |
| 0691.0 | Four corner code |
| 1-31-38 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 89aa | Unicode hex code |
suffering, trial, worry, hardship, feel bitter, scowl
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 3
JLPT level N3
623 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 苦 【ク】 pain, anguish, suffering, distress, anxiety, worry, trouble, difficulty, hardship, duhkha (suffering)
- 苦境 【クキョウ】 difficult situation, adverse circumstances, predicament, trouble, dilemma, distress
- 生活苦 【セイカツク】 hardships of life (esp. due to lack of money), life's struggles
- 病苦 【ビョウク】 pain of sickness
Kun reading compounds
- 苦しい 【くるしい】 painful, difficult, tough, hard, distressing, (psychologically) difficult, stressful, awkward (e.g. position), straitened (circumstances), tight (financial situation), needy, struggling, strained (interpretation, explanation, etc.), lame (e.g. excuse), forced (e.g. smile), far-fetched, hard to do, unpleasant
- 苦しい言い訳 【くるしいいいわけ】 lame excuse, poor excuse
- 苦しむ 【くるしむ】 to suffer, to groan, to be worried
- 苦しめる 【くるしめる】 to torment, to pain, to inflict (physical) pain, to hurt, to harass, to cause (emotional) pain, to afflict, to distress, to bother, to trouble, to stump, to baffle
- 苦い 【にがい】 bitter
- 苦い薬 【にがいくすり】 bitter medicine
- 苦る 【にがる】 to feel bitter, to scowl
Readings
- Korean:
- go
Spanish
- sufrimiento
- pena
- doloroso
- penoso
- trabajoso
- amargo
Portuguese
- sofrimento
- experiência
- preocupar
- dificuldade
- sentir- se amargo
- tristeza
French
- souffrir
- peine
- affliction
- souci
- amer
- renfrogné
| 197 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 283 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 264 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 597 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 3928 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 264 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 864 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 687 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 545 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 554 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 342 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 646 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 2789 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1433 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1932 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 230 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 30797P | Morohashi |
| 2243 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 5009 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 225 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 239 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 344 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 295 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 1977 | 2001 Kanji |
| 3k5.24 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 2-3-5 | SKIP code |
| 4460.4 | Four corner code |
| 1-22-76 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 82e6 | Unicode hex code |