| 1679 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1859 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 3472 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1644 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1612 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1707 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1824 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1559 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1497 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 1681 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 893 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1212 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 930 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 26901 | Morohashi |
| 1327 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 4393 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 921 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 989 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1470 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N1
1410 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 粘膜 【ネンマク】 mucous membrane
- 粘土 【ネンド】 clay
Kun reading compounds
- 粘る 【ねばる】 to be sticky, to be adhesive, to persevere, to persist, to stick to, to hold out, to linger
Readings
- Korean:
- jeom
Spanish
- perseverancia
- tenacidad
- pegajoso
- perseverar
- ser tenaz
- ser pegajoso
Portuguese
- grudento
- aglutinado
- gorduroso
- perseverar
French
- collant
- gluant
- graisseux
- persévérer
| 1077 | 2001 Kanji |
| 6b5.4 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-6-5 | SKIP code |
| 9196.0 | Four corner code |
| 1-39-20 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 7c98 | Unicode hex code |
membrane
- On:
- マク
Jōyō kanji, taught in junior high
JLPT level N1
1804 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 膜 【マク】 membrane, film
- 膜厚 【マクアツ】 film thickness, coating thickness
- 角膜 【カクマク】 cornea
- 網膜 【モウマク】 retina
Readings
- Korean:
- mag, mo
Spanish
- membrana
Portuguese
- membrana
French
- membrane
| 1834 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 1897 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 3803 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1379 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 1681 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1426 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1515 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1546 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 1042 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 1345 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 728 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 974 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 238 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 29808P | Morohashi |
| 1062 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 4854 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 233 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 248 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 1708 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 3963 | 2001 Kanji |
| 4b10.6 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 1-4-10 | SKIP code |
| 7423.4 | Four corner code |
| 1-43-76 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 819c | Unicode hex code |
below, down, descend, give, low, inferior
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 1
JLPT level N5
97 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 下 【カ】 under (influence, control, conditions, etc. of), during (war, occupation, etc.)
- 下位 【カイ】 low rank, lower position, subordinate position, lower order (e.g. byte)
- 陛下 【ヘイカ】 Your Majesty, His Majesty, Her Majesty
- 最下 【サイカ】 the lowest, the worst
- 下 【ゲ】 lowness (of degree, value, etc.), inferiority, second volume (of two), third volume (of three)
- 下山 【ゲザン】 descending a mountain, descent
- 高下 【コウゲ】 rise and fall (e.g. prices), fluctuation, difference (rank, grade, quality, etc.), variation
- 帯下 【タイゲ】 leukorrhoea, leucorrhoea, leukorrhea, leucorrhea, mucous discharge from female genitals
Kun reading compounds
- 下 【した】 below, down, under, younger (e.g. daughter), bottom, beneath, underneath, just after, right after, inferiority, one's inferior (i.e. one's junior), trade-in, preliminary, preparatory
- 下請け 【したうけ】 subcontract, subcontractor (person or company)
- 幕下 【まくした】 third highest division, wrestlers of the third highest division
- 上下 【うえした】 top and bottom, up and down, high and low, above and below, upper and lower ends, upside-down
- 下 【しも】 lower reaches (of a river), bottom, lower part, lower half (of the body, esp. the privates), feces (faeces), urine, menses, end, far from the imperial palace (i.e. far from Kyoto, esp. of western Japan), dirty (e.g. dirty jokes, etc.)
- 下期 【しもき】 second half of the (fiscal) year
- 風下 【かざしも】 leeward, lee, downwind
- 裃 【かみしも】 samurai costume, old ceremonial costume, top and bottom, up and down, high and low, above and below, upper and lower ends
- 下 【もと】 under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.), under (a flag, the sun, etc.), beneath, with (e.g. one blow), on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...), in (e.g. the name of ...), (someone's) side, (someone's) location
- 山元 【やまもと】 foot of a mountain, base of a mountain, mine, colliery, owner of a mountain, operator of a mine
- お膝元 【おひざもと】 beside a nobleman, close aid (of a nobleman, etc.), place where a high ranking person resides, one's own city (of a shogun, lord, etc.), Imperial capital, Imperial court, (shogun's) headquarters, place under one's direct control, one's own turf, one's own backyard
- 下げる 【さげる】 to hang, to suspend, to wear (e.g. decoration), to lower, to reduce, to bring down, to demote, to move back, to pull back, to clear (plates), to remove (food, etc. from table or altar), to keep on playing after one has formed a scoring combination with captured cards
- 下がる 【さがる】 to come down, to go down, to fall, to drop, to sink, to get lower, to hang, to dangle, to move back, to step back, to withdraw, to retire, to deteriorate, to fall off, to be downgraded, to get closer to the present day, below, south of
- 下る 【くだる】 to descend, to go down, to come down, to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.), to pass (of time), to surrender, to capitulate, to be less than, to be inferior to, to have the runs, to have diarrhea, to pass (in stool), to be discharged from the body, to depreciate oneself, to be humble
- 下り 【くだり】 down-train, train heading toward the ending point of its route, down-slope, downward going, downbound (esp. away from Tokyo), downstream, downhill
- 下り坂 【くだりざか】 downhill, downward slope, descent, decline, waning, ebb, (going) downhill
- 下す 【くだす】 to make a decision, to draw a conclusion, to give a judgement, to hand down a verdict, to pass a sentence, to give an order, to let go down, to lower, to do oneself, to do by oneself, to beat, to defeat, to have loose bowels, to have diarrhea, to pass (in stool), to discharge from the body, to do in one go, to do to the end without stopping
- 下さる 【くださる】 to give, to confer, to bestow, to kindly do for one, to oblige, to favour, to favor
- 下ろす 【おろす】 to take down, to bring down, to lower (a hand, flag, shutter, etc.), to drop (an anchor, curtain, etc.), to let down (hair), to launch (a boat), to drop off (a passenger), to let off, to unload (goods, a truck, etc.), to offload, to discharge, to withdraw (money), to use for the first time, to wear for the first time, to cut off, to fillet (fish), to grate (e.g. radish), to prune (branches), to remove (someone from a position), to oust, to drop, to clear (the table), to remove (offerings from an altar), to pass down (e.g. old clothes), to hand down, to expel from the body (e.g. worms), to abort (a fetus), to invoke (a spirit), to call down
- 降りる 【おりる】 to descend (e.g. a mountain), to go down, to come down, to alight (e.g. from bus), to get off, to disembark, to dismount, to step down, to retire, to give up, to quit, to fold, to be granted, to be issued, to be given, to form (of frost, dew, mist, etc.), to be passed (from the body; e.g. of a roundworm)
Readings
- Japanese names:
- さか、 しと
- Korean:
- ha
Spanish
- debajo
- inferior
- debajo de
- parte inferior
Portuguese
- baixo
- abaixo
- descende
- inferior
- sub
- sob
French
- au-dessous
- descendre
- bas
- donner (vous me donnez)
- inférieur
| 21 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese (Florence Sakade) |
| 24 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 7 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 72 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 9 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 30 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 6 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 46 | Japanese Names (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 2.1 | Japanese for Busy People |
| 31 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 31 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 32 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 4 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 4186 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2115 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2862 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 50 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 14 | Morohashi |
| 3378 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 9 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 50 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 51 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 75 | The Kanji Way to Japanese Language Power (Dale Crowley) |
| 13 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 3154 | 2001 Kanji |
| 2m1.2 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 4-3-1 | SKIP code |
| 1023.0 | Four corner code |
| 1-18-28 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 4e0b | Unicode hex code |
stratum, social class, layer, story, floor
- On:
- ソウ
Jōyō kanji, taught in grade 6
JLPT level N2
801 of 2500 most used kanji in newspapers
Stroke order
On reading compounds
- 層 【ソウ】 layer, stratum, seam, bed, class, stratum, bracket, group, sheaf, counter for stories (of a building)
- 層群 【ソウグン】 (geol) group
- 重層 【ジュウソウ】 multistoried, multilayered
- 高層 【コウソウ】 high-rise (building), multistory, multistoried, tall, high (altitude), upper (atmosphere, air current, etc.)
Readings
- Korean:
- cheung
Spanish
- estrato
- nivel
Portuguese
- estrato
- classe social
- camada
- estória
- andar
French
- strate
- classe sociale
- couche
- étage
| 934 | A Guide To Reading and Writing Japanese 3rd edition (Henshall, Seeley and De Groot) |
| 921 | A Guide To Remembering Japanese Characters (Kenneth G. Henshall) |
| 893 | A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage |
| 1402 | Classic Nelson (Andrew Nelson) |
| 1183 | Essential Kanji (P.G. O’Neill) |
| 486 | Japanese Kanji Flashcards (Max Hodges and Tomoko Okazaki) |
| 1367 | Kanji and Kana (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1454 | Kanji and Kana, 2nd Edition (Spahn and Hadamitzky) |
| 1725 | Kanji in Context (Nishiguchi and Kono) |
| 533 | Kodansha Compact Kanji Guide |
| 3920 | Kodansha Kanji Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2021 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 2728 | Kodansha Kanji Learner’s Dictionary, 2nd Edition (Jack Halpern) |
| 1074 | Les Kanjis dans la tete (Yves Maniette) |
| 7798X | Morohashi |
| 3161 | New Japanese English Character Dictionary (Jack Halpern) |
| 1432 | New Nelson (John Haig) |
| 1065 | Remembering The Kanji (James Heisig) |
| 1146 | Remembering The Kanji, 6th edition (James Heisig) |
| 977 | Tuttle Kanji Cards (Alexander Kask) |
| 3778 | 2001 Kanji |
| 3r11.2 | The Kanji Dictionary |
| 3-3-11 | SKIP code |
| 7726.6 | Four corner code |
| 1-33-56 | JIS X 0208-1997 kuten code |
| 5c64 | Unicode hex code |